Does sleeplessness cause weight gain?

The recent rise in obesity may be partly due to the reduced amount of time we spend asleep, according to new research from the University of Bristol in the United Kingdom.

Dr. Shahrad Taheri from Bristol University, and colleagues in the United States, examined the role of two key hormones that are involved in regulating appetite — ghrelin and leptin. Ghrelin increases feelings of hunger while leptin acts to suppress appetite.

People who habitually slept for five hours were found to have 15 percent more ghrelin than those who slept for eight hours. They were also found to have 15 percent less leptin.  These hormonal changes may cause increased feelings of hunger, leading to a foraging in the fridge for food.

"We found that people who slept for shorter durations have reduced leptin and elevated ghrelin. These differences are likely to increase appetite and, in societies where food is readily available, this may contribute to obesity. Individuals who spent less than eight hours sleeping were shown to have a greater likelihood of being heavier," said Taheri, lead author of the study. "Good sleep, in combination with other lifestyle modifications may be important in fighting obesity."

This is the first large population-based study to show a significant association between sleep duration and metabolic hormones. The research examined more than 1,000 volunteers in "real life" conditions.

Taheri, clinical lecturer at Bristol University’s Henry Wellcome Laboratories, and colleagues at Stanford University and the University of Wisconsin studied volunteers from the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study, a population-based study of sleep disorders. The participants underwent continuous sleep monitoring, and reported on their sleep habits through questionnaires and sleep diaries. The results are published in the open-access medical journal Public Library of Science Medicine (PLoS Medicine Vol. 1, No. 3, e62/Dec. 7, 2004).

Over the past 50 years, people in many nations worldwide have reduced the amount of time they spend sleeping. It’s estimated that a two-hour per night reduction in sleep time has occurred during the past half century because of increasing pressures from work, school, family, television, computer games, and the Internet. The research further suggests this lack of sleep may be contributing to the obesity pandemic.

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